{"id":6490,"date":"2011-10-15T10:19:08","date_gmt":"2011-10-15T07:19:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bilgeyatirimci.com\/?p=6490"},"modified":"2011-10-15T10:19:44","modified_gmt":"2011-10-15T07:19:44","slug":"tarihten-bilimler-akademilerinin-yapilarinin-degistirilmesi-ornekleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bilgeyatirimci.com\/i\/tarihten-bilimler-akademilerinin-yapilarinin-degistirilmesi-ornekleri\/","title":{"rendered":"Tarihten bilimler akademilerinin yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi \u00f6rnekleri"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Napoleon, Frans\u0131z Bilimler Akademisi&#8217;nin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in Laplace&#8217;\u0131n &#8216;toplumsal tercih kuram\u0131&#8217;na ili\u015fkin ele\u015ftiriyi kullanm\u0131\u015f.<\/p><div class=\"bilge-yaziust\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;\" id=\"bilge-3475783181\"><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-7495567325667578\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"9580705384\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"rectangle\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye Bilimler Akademisi\u2019nin (T\u00dcBA) yap\u0131s\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirildi. Bu de\u011fi\u015fiklik 27 A\u011fustos 2011 tarihli Resmi Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mlanan kanun h\u00fckm\u00fcndeki kararname ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. Buna g\u00f6re T\u00dcBA\u2019n\u0131n \u00fcyelerinin \u00fc\u00e7te biri h\u00fck\u00fcmet, \u00fc\u00e7te biri de Y\u00d6K taraf\u0131ndan atanacak.<br \/>\nBir s\u00fcredir T\u00dcBA\u2019n\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131nda yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe dair bir \u015feyler yazmak istiyordum. Buna gerek kalmad\u0131. Say\u0131n Hasan Ersel, \u0130ktisat ve Toplum dergisinin eyl\u00fcl say\u0131s\u0131nda (on birinci say\u0131), konu hakk\u0131nda o kadar g\u00fczel bir yaz\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015f ki, benim sorunu daha g\u00fczel anlatacak yeni ve daha derinlemesine bir \u015feyler yazmam m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil; vazge\u00e7tim. Yerine, Say\u0131n Ersel\u2019in yaz\u0131s\u0131ndan k\u0131saca s\u00f6z etmek istiyorum. Yaz\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sizi hemen yaz\u0131y\u0131 okumaya davet ediyor: \u2018Napoleon Bonaparte Frans\u0131z Bilim Akademisi\u2019ni Nas\u0131l Ele Ge\u00e7irmi\u015fti?\u2019<\/p>\n<p><strong>Y\u00f6ntemde incelik yok\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nYaz\u0131, \u00f6nce fa\u015fist \u0130talya\u2019da bilimler akademisinin \u00f6zerkli\u011finin nas\u0131l kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131yor. Kullan\u0131lan y\u00f6ntem, tam anlam\u0131yla \u2018ben yapt\u0131m, oldu\u2019 bi\u00e7iminde oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ilgin\u00e7 de\u011fil; bu nedenle ne yaz\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda fa\u015fist \u0130talya\u2019daki y\u00f6nteme bir g\u00f6nderme var ne de yaz\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturuyor bu y\u00f6ntem. Y\u00f6ntemin \u2013zorlarsan\u0131z- tek ilgin\u00e7li\u011fi, fa\u015fist rejimin mevcut bilimler akademisine hemen dokunmamas\u0131. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta mevcudun yan\u0131nda yeni bir akademi daha kurulmu\u015f. Ama birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra eski akademi \u00fcyelerine fa\u015fist rejime ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k yemini yapma zorunlulu\u011fu getiriliyor ve bir s\u00fcre sonra da iki akademi birle\u015ftiriliyor. K\u0131sacas\u0131, zamana yay\u0131larak yap\u0131lmas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ele ge\u00e7irme y\u00f6nteminde bir \u2018incelik\u2019 yok.<br \/>\nNapoleon\u2019un akademiye el koyma y\u00f6ntemi ise \u00e7ok farkl\u0131: Akademinin 1774\u2019ten beri kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcye se\u00e7im y\u00f6ntemine 1800\u2019de itiraz ediyor. Bu itiraz 1804\u2019te kabul ediliyor. \u0130lgin\u00e7lik, itiraz\u0131n d\u00f6rt y\u0131l sonra kabul edilmesinde de\u011fil. Say\u0131n Ersel, bu itiraz\u0131n dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedenleri a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in \u00f6nce eski y\u00f6ntemi anlat\u0131yor.<br \/>\nEski y\u00f6ntem Borda taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f. Borda, \u2018basit \u00e7o\u011funluk y\u00f6ntemi\u2019 kullan\u0131larak \u00fcye se\u00e7ilmesi halinde, sonucun, se\u00e7imi yapanlar\u0131n tercihlerini yans\u0131tmayabilece\u011finden yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. \u0130kiden fazla aday oldu\u011funda, en fazla oy alan aday\u0131n asl\u0131nda \u00fcyelerce tercih edilen aday olmayabilece\u011fine dikkat \u00e7ekiyor. \u2018Toplumsal tercih kuram\u0131\u2019nda \u2018Borda kar\u015f\u0131tlam\u0131\u2019 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bu sonuca nas\u0131l ula\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair yaz\u0131da rahatl\u0131kla anla\u015f\u0131labilecek bir \u00f6rnek var. Borda\u2019n\u0131n bu sorunu gidermek i\u00e7in \u00f6nerdi\u011fi y\u00f6ntem \u015fu: \u00dcyeler (tercih yapanlar) her aday\u0131 (her se\u00e7ene\u011fi) s\u0131ral\u0131yorlar (birinci tercihim \u015fu, ikincisi \u015fu gibi). Her adaya s\u0131ralamada ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yere kar\u015f\u0131 gelen bir puan veriliyor. Sonra adaylar\u0131n toplam puanlar\u0131 bulunuyor ve bu puanlara g\u00f6re s\u0131ralama yap\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2018Borda say\u0131m\u0131\u2019\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\n\u00dcye se\u00e7iminde \u2018Borda say\u0131m\u0131\u2019 denilen bu y\u00f6ntemin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na baz\u0131 akademi \u00fcyeleri s\u0131cak bakmam\u0131\u015flar. Bunlardan biri de \u00fcnl\u00fc matematik\u00e7i Laplace. Laplace, y\u00f6ntemin kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131ndan yirmi bir y\u0131l sonra verdi\u011fi konferanslarda, Borda y\u00f6nteminin, \u00fcyelerin tercihlerini (genelde ise toplumsal tercihleri) yans\u0131tmada do\u011furabilece\u011fi sorunlara dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015f. O da basit \u00e7o\u011funluk kural\u0131n\u0131n sorunlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda Borda ile ayn\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri payla\u015f\u0131yormu\u015f. Ancak Borda\u2019n\u0131n y\u00f6nteminin, \u00fcyelerin tercihlerini en istemedikleri aday\u0131n se\u00e7ilmesini engellemek \u00fczere \u00e7arp\u0131tarak vermeleri halinde, \u2018s\u0131radan\u2019 adaylar\u0131n se\u00e7ilmesi ile sonu\u00e7lanabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015f. \u0130\u015fte Napoleon, Frans\u0131z Bilimler Akademisi\u2019nin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in Laplace\u2019\u0131n \u2018toplumsal tercih kuram\u0131\u2019na ili\u015fkin bu g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ele\u015ftiriyi kullanm\u0131\u015f.<br \/>\nBu g\u00fczel yaz\u0131dan ho\u015flanacaks\u0131n\u0131z; bulup okuman\u0131z\u0131 \u00f6neririm. Bu vesileyle \u0130ktisat ve Toplum dergisini bir kazan\u00e7 kayg\u0131s\u0131 g\u00fctmeden yay\u0131mlayan Efil Yay\u0131nevi\u2019ne de te\u015fekk\u00fcr etmek isterim. Dergiyi izlemenizi \u00f6neririm.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Napoleon, Frans\u0131z Bilimler Akademisi&#8217;nin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in Laplace&#8217;\u0131n &#8216;toplumsal tercih kuram\u0131&#8217;na ili\u015fkin ele\u015ftiriyi kullanm\u0131\u015f. T\u00fcrkiye Bilimler Akademisi\u2019nin (T\u00dcBA) yap\u0131s\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirildi. Bu de\u011fi\u015fiklik 27 A\u011fustos 2011&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":894,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6490","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tumyazilar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bilgeyatirimci.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6490","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bilgeyatirimci.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bilgeyatirimci.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bilgeyatirimci.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/16"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bilgeyatirimci.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6490"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bilgeyatirimci.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6490\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bilgeyatirimci.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/894"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bilgeyatirimci.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6490"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bilgeyatirimci.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6490"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bilgeyatirimci.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6490"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}